![]() The dialog gives you customization options for nearly every aspect of the paragraph. To create a custom style, go to the Paragraph Styles window, then go to options and select New Paragraph Style. You can define your paragraph styles by adding new styles or modifying the existing ones. In addition to font and type size, paragraph styles can include indents, lines before and after, line height, etc. They can also be used to style headers and footers. Paragraph Styles are used to format blocks of text such as headings and subheadings, paragraphs, lists, and offset quotes. Next, you’ll be applying paragraph and character styles. See the instructional video to get an idea of how you can organize your InDesign workspace.įirst, be sure to check that any formatting from your word processor document carried over. ![]() To keep your workspace clean, you can arrange and stack the windows to your liking. The Paragraph Styles and Character Styles can be found under Type. To view the Tools and Control windows, go to Window, then select each one. ![]() The most common formatting tools are found in the Tools, Control, Character Styles, and Paragraph Styles windows. To make your job easier, it is helpful to have all the tools you’ll need visible in your InDesign window. Now it’s time to get creative! This is when you’ll apply paragraph styles, character styles, and fonts you can also add drop letters, images, glyphs, fleurons (ornamental symbols used to denote section breaks), and any other aesthetic elements you want. Your manuscript is now an Indesign document! 3. InDesign will automatically flow the text onto as many pages as necessary. Point the loaded cursor inside the margins at the upper left corner, then press shift + click. When you’ve chosen your file, you will have a “loaded cursor” that will allow you to place the text in the document. Locate your manuscript file from your local directory. To begin importing copy, go to File and click Place. Some character and paragraph formatting will be maintained, but most page layout settings, such as margin and column settings, will be ignored and will need to be set up directly in InDesign. Use clean, edited copy so you’ll only need to make minimal changes after everything is carried over to InDesign. Next, you’ll need to import your book text into InDesign. (Bleed is the term for an image that touches the edges of the page slug refers to non-printing information that might appear in the document such as date or time.) You can leave the Bleed and Slug values as is. Margins make pages easier to read, and they guarantee that none of your content gets cut off during the printing process.Īt TCK Publishing, we start most of our projects with the values below, which are fairly industry-standard: Margins allow space around the edges of the pages and in the gutter (where the pages meet along the spine). When in doubt, use this trim size for general nonfiction, novels, and memoirs.īe sure to leave fairly generous margins. TCK Publishing layouts are generally 6” x 9” for both fiction and nonfiction it is an industry standard for traditional and print-on-demand distribution. If you plan to have widespread distribution online and in bookstores, you’ll probably want to limit your trim size to 6″ x 9″ as anything larger might not fit on all bookshelves. If this is a concern, consider, for example, a 6” x 9” book instead of a 5” x 8” book in order to reduce the number of pages. In the publishing world, this is referred to as “trim size.” One thing to bear in mind when deciding your book’s trim size: The cost of printing will depend heavily on the number of pages. This will open a dialog where you can configure your document layout and name your document.įirst, you’ll need to decide what size your book will be. To do this, open InDesign and go to File, then click New Document (or click on Create on the left side). To get started, you’ll need to create a new document. Use already published books as a reference to figure out how you want to sequence these sections.įollow these simple steps to create and lay out your book using InDesign: 1. You’ll also need to figure out where and in what order to place the front matter, such as a table of contents, copyright page, foreword, preface, introduction, etc., as well as the back matter, such as an author page, glossary, appendix, index, etc. Manuscripts can be created using any word processing application-make sure to complete all edits and apply character and paragraph styles prior to beginning your design. How to Lay Out Your Book in InDesignīefore you begin your book layout, you’ll need a complete manuscript. This tutorial will give you the basic tools you need to start formatting your book using InDesign. After all, the pages are what readers experience as they read the book. While the cover of a book may get all the glory, the interior layout is equally (if not more) important than cover design.
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There were some instances when I lost most of my units, and somehow hit a checkpoint right after it happened. It’s certainly handy, especially in the most hectic situations.Īlso, considering the occasionally bad checkpointing, it’s very important to always keep an eye on the map and your units, and take it slow when engaging the enemy. Moreover, the commander is pretty much an immortal unit he has regenerative health and will only be temporarily incapacitated after taking a set amount of hits. Using the commander’s freedom of movement can also be an advantage in battle, and you can do so by having the commander himself act as distraction until your units can get in range. These range from distracting enemies with decoys to deploying smokescreens to provide cover. In addition to the aforementioned, the commander can aid the party with power-up abilities only he can use. ![]() Tactical View lets you plan ahead before engaging the enemy. So it’s best not to take it head-on and attack it where it can’t hit you. Its thermal laser can cut through armor easily, though it cannot rotate. As every unit in your arsenal has its ups and downs, so does the enemy. Constantly changing the plotted course of your convoy is an essential strategy to keep in mind, because if all your units are destroyed, it’s game over. By pressing the triangle button, the game pauses and you are given a full overview of the entire map. You cannot directly control the units in your platoon, so you’ll have to dictate which paths they should take via Tactical View. So the more enemies and combos you can rack up (judging by how frequently you kill enemies), the more points you accumulate for your global score in the game’s online leaderboards.Īs the commander, you give the orders and have the most freedom of movement on the battlefield. The number of enemies you destroy in each level also factors into your overall score. It’s a highly convenient gameplay element, as it eliminates most, if not all tedium and minor annoyances should you decide to destroy and collect everything (which I totally did). Another good thing about Anomaly is you can speed up time to move things more quickly than usual. One plus side about all this is most levels don’t have a time limit, so you can usually take the completionist route, killing every enemy and scrounging up all the Carusaurum you can find before exiting an area. Collecting the alien substance called Carusaurum scattered throughout the map awards cash as well. Destroying enemy towers gives you money, and the stronger the tower type, the more coinage it yields. ![]() These units don’t come cheap, however, so you’ll have to earn some cash if you want to further boost your army’s firepower. You're welcome.Įach unit is effective to use in battle and upgradeable, enhancing their attack and defense attributes to give them a slight edge during combat. There are more units to unlock as you progress through the campaign, so I won’t delve too deep into it.īut I'll go on ahead and show you a picture of the units anyway. The APC tank has low attack and mostly serves as a meat shield, the Crawler has poor defense but packs a wallop with its rocket launchers, and the Shield generates a force field, giving surrounding units (two to be exact) extra protection. Like any tower defense game, each unit has its uses, strengths, and weaknesses. At the center of all this mayhem is you, the commander of the "14 th Platoon" sent to investigate these anomalies and gather as much information on the extraterrestrial threat as possible. Anomaly is set in the not-so-distant future, where remnants of an alien ship have crash landed and devastated major cities around the world, notably Baghdad and Tokyo. ![]() Anomaly: Warzone Earth is a ‘tower offense’ game, which plays much like a tower defense game only in reverse you attack while the enemy defends. ![]() This guarantees that the data stays unchanged without modification during transfer. Types of URI charactersīase64 encoding schemes are generally used when there is a need to encode binary information that needs to be stored and transferred over media that are developed to deal with textual information. Basically, Base64 is a collection of related encoding designs which represent the binary information in ASCII format by converting it into a base64 representation. It may have also masked problems with code not properly escaping POST variables.The term Base64 is coming from a certain MIME content transfer encoding. So the original code was unfortunately not fully compatible with the spec or other implementations. However, RFC 3548 states that characters not in the Base64 alphabet should either be ignored or cause the implementation to reject the encoding and RFC 2045 says they should be ignored. This will also save many people considerable ![]() It's not exactly the Base64 spec,īut it is completely compatible with it (the spec says that spacesĪre invalid). ![]() When Base64 gets POSTed, all pluses are interpreted as spaces. It would seem from the comment preceding the code which was removed that the treatment of the space as if it were the plus sign was actually intentional at one time: The CVS log indicates that this change was made to fix bug #34214 (base64_decode() does not properly ignore whitespace). You can see what happened with a diff to branch point 1.43 at: To follow up on Starson's post, PHP was changed to no longer treat a space as if it were a plus sign in CVS revision 1.43.2.1, which corresponds to PHP 5.1.0. ![]() Getting Started Introduction A simple tutorial Language Reference Basic syntax Types Variables Constants Expressions Operators Control Structures Functions Classes and Objects Namespaces Enumerations Errors Exceptions Fibers Generators Attributes References Explained Predefined Variables Predefined Exceptions Predefined Interfaces and Classes Predefined Attributes Context options and parameters Supported Protocols and Wrappers Security Introduction General considerations Installed as CGI binary Installed as an Apache module Session Security Filesystem Security Database Security Error Reporting User Submitted Data Hiding PHP Keeping Current Features HTTP authentication with PHP Cookies Sessions Dealing with XForms Handling file uploads Using remote files Connection handling Persistent Database Connections Command line usage Garbage Collection DTrace Dynamic Tracing Function Reference Affecting PHP's Behaviour Audio Formats Manipulation Authentication Services Command Line Specific Extensions Compression and Archive Extensions Cryptography Extensions Database Extensions Date and Time Related Extensions File System Related Extensions Human Language and Character Encoding Support Image Processing and Generation Mail Related Extensions Mathematical Extensions Non-Text MIME Output Process Control Extensions Other Basic Extensions Other Services Search Engine Extensions Server Specific Extensions Session Extensions Text Processing Variable and Type Related Extensions Web Services Windows Only Extensions XML Manipulation GUI Extensions Keyboard Shortcuts ? This help j Next menu item k Previous menu item g p Previous man page g n Next man page G Scroll to bottom g g Scroll to top g h Goto homepage g s Goto search ![]() It is the successor of OSM2VectorTiles, which was a student bachelor thesis at HSR Rapperswil.īug reports, as well as other issues, should be reported through the GitHub repositories. ![]() OpenMapTiles is developed by the MapTiler Team and available as free software under a combination of BSD and MIT licenses. OpenMapTiles requires attribution on screen in the form "© MapTiler © OpenStreetMap contributors", see their terms. The core runs in three fully redundant datacenters in Europe and North America, which have DDOS protection and load-balancers with failover and more. The whole service is cached on CDN with more than 150 places. The policy is similar to MapTiler Data: there is a free plan for non-commercial and testing purposes as well as the paid one. It provides vector tiles (for Mapbox SDK, native MVT clients) as well as raster tiles (Leaflet, OpenLayers, XYZ), map WMTS services for QGIS and ArcGIS and static maps for thumbnailing or output printing. MapTiler Cloud provides hosting of map tiles based on OpenMapTiles. There is also an option for extract defined by bounding box. Tiles can be selected by regions, countries, continents, or the whole planet. There are also paid plans, which come with premium styles, hillshading, contour lines, a terrain model, and satellite imagery. There is a free plan for open-source and open-data websites, non-commercial personal projects, and testing purposes. Since rendering one's own tiles is time and resource consuming, MapTiler Data offers pre-rendered tiles of the entire world. In the web interface you define which datasets will be served and you will get links to all map services for usage in Leaflet, OpenLayers, Mapbox GL JS and WMTS for QGIS and ArcGIS. Once installed, you can insert map data and map styles into relevant folders. MapTiler is a top-notch mapping platform that comes with the strategic way to publish zoom-able maps online either for web. There is a single file installer for Linux, Windows, and Mac. ![]() The setup is easy and straightforward you can serve OpenStreetMap from your own hardware in less than 10 minutes. MapTiler Server is a software package for Linux, Windows, and Mac. The result is compatible with JavaScript viewers, mobile SDK, as WMTS or WMS, OpenMapTiles also supports other coordinate systems than Mercator. The style can be edited in any text editor or visually in Maputnik, an open-source visual style editor. The final map can be displayed in the browser using most popular JavaScript libraries like Mapbox GL JS, OpenLayers, Leaflet, in mobile applications using Mapbox GL Native (for both Android and iOS), using WMTS and WMS services, or as a static map for print and export. They are available under a free license and therefore can be modified and reused. Open Map Styles are ready-to-use map styles for vector scheme. The openmaptiles-tools repository contains tools for taking OSM data as an input and producing MBTiles containing PBF as an output. It is maintained in the openmaptiles repository and documented on the website. The schema describes data layers and attributes. Shapes provided by a computed shape source cannot be clustered.The OpenMapTiles project consists of several components: This class supports the following options: MGLShapeSourceOptionMinimumZoomLevel, MGLShapeSourceOptionMaximumZoomLevel, MGLShapeSourceOptionBuffer, MGLShapeSourceOptionSimplificationTolerance, MGLShapeSourceOptionWrapsCoordinates, and MGLShapeSourceOptionClipsCoordinates. 355.6K Ratings Free Screenshots iPhone iPad iMessage Little Caesars. Returns a custom shape data source initialized with an identifier, and a dictionary of options for the source according to the style specification. 1007 E General Cavazos Blvd 101 Leaflet MapTiler OpenStreetMap. This class cannot be represented in a style JSON file you must add it ot the style at runtime. You can add and remove sources dynamically using methods such as - and. For static tiles or Mapbox Vector Tiles, use the MGLVectorTileSource class. For GeoJSON data, use the MGLShapeSource class. It is also useful for data that is divided into tiles in a format other than Mapbox Vector Tiles. MGLComputedShapeSource is similar to MGLShapeSource but is optimized for data sets that change dynamically or are too large to fit completely in memory. ![]() The vector style layer defines the appearance of any content supplied by the computed shape source. You implement a class conforming to the MGLComputedShapeSourceDataSource protocol that returns instances of MGLShape or MGLFeature, then add a computed shape source to an MGLStyle object along with an MGLVectorStyleLayer object. MGLComputedShapeSource is a map content source that supplies vector shapes, one tile at a time, to be shown on the map on demand. ![]() This Eclipse theme and its color application are split between variable types and method-related parameters. Bonus Īnother plugin that I highly recommend is the Lombok support for Eclipse IDE, that’s definitely one plugin that every Java developer should install as soon as a pool to improve their productivity. Eclipse Downloads The Eclipse Foundation Download Eclipse Technology that is right for you The Eclipse Installer 202303 R now includes a JRE for macOS, Windows and Linux. Oblivion Oblivion is a predominantly lime green color theme for Eclipse, with specks of blue and red for highlights. By then you have a reasonably large selection in the preferences. I have a red/green deficiency and I installed the 'Eclipse Color Theme' Addon from the Marketplace. JRebel supports a majority of real-world enterprise Java stacks and is easy to install into existing development environments. I know my answer is probably too late for you, but I got to your question while searching myself. JRebel enables developers to get more done in the same amount of time and stay in the flow while coding. It skips the rebuild, restart, and redeploy cycle typical in Java development. JRebel is a productivity tool that allows developers to reload code changes instantly. It helps in code coverage analysis, and if you used rightly can improve the code quality by increasing the fast development/testing cycle. Linux için kullanabileceiniz birçok farkl IDE ve kod düzenleyicisi vardr. It brings code coverage analysis directly into the Eclipse workbench. EclEmma Java Code CoverageĮclEmma is a free Java code coverage tool for Eclipse, available under the Eclipse Public License. Android Development Tools for Eclipse (ADT)Īndroid Development Tools (ADT) is a plugin for the Eclipse IDE that is designed to give you a robust, integrated environment in which to build Android applications. Errors are reported in a separate tab that enables you to jump to failing tests efficiently.Ĩ. You can run suites, groups, or individual methods. ![]() It lets you run your TestNG tests from Eclipse. If you know that JUnit comes bundled in Eclipse, but if you are using TestNG for writing unit tests for your Java project, then this Eclipse plugin can help you. ![]() Many of them are also not supported by popular third-party implementations of PDF. These proprietary technologies are not standardized and their specification is published only on Adobe's website. PDF 1.7, the sixth edition of the PDF specification that became ISO 32000-1, includes some proprietary technologies defined only by Adobe, such as Adobe XML Forms Architecture (XFA) and JavaScript extension for Acrobat, which are referenced by ISO 32000-1 as normative and indispensable for the full implementation of the ISO 32000-1 specification. In 2008, Adobe published a Public Patent License to ISO 32000-1 granting royalty-free rights for all patents owned by Adobe that are necessary to make, use, sell, and distribute PDF-compliant implementations. PDF was a proprietary format controlled by Adobe until it was released as an open standard on July 1, 2008, and published by the International Organization for Standardization as ISO 32000-1:2008, at which time control of the specification passed to an ISO Committee of volunteer industry experts. In the early years PDF was popular mainly in desktop publishing workflows, and competed with a variety of formats such as DjVu, Envoy, Common Ground Digital Paper, Farallon Replica and even Adobe's own PostScript format. The PDF specification also provides for encryption and digital signatures, file attachments, and metadata to enable workflows requiring these features.Īdobe Systems made the PDF specification available free of charge in 1993. ![]() PDF files may contain a variety of content besides flat text and graphics including logical structuring elements, interactive elements such as annotations and form-fields, layers, rich media (including video content), three-dimensional objects using U3D or PRC, and various other data formats. The last edition as ISO 32000-2:2020 was published in December 2020. PDF was standardized as ISO 32000 in 2008. PDF has its roots in "The Camelot Project" initiated by Adobe co-founder John Warnock in 1991. Based on the PostScript language, each PDF file encapsulates a complete description of a fixed-layout flat document, including the text, fonts, vector graphics, raster images and other information needed to display it. If you are using an NGINX web server, you can add the following redirect location ~* (.*\.Portable Document Format ( PDF), standardized as ISO 32000, is a file format developed by Adobe in 1992 to present documents, including text formatting and images, in a manner independent of application software, hardware, and operating systems. Header set Content-Disposition attachment htaccess ForceType application/octet-stream In many cases, even with the download attribute, the browser can still decide for itself how to handle the file.ġ - If you are just trying to achieve the download functionality on your browser only (which it looks like you aren't but I thought I should include anyway), you can open chrome, go to Settings -> Advanced Settings -> Content Settings -> PDF Documents -> Toggle on DownloadĢ - You can compress and zip the file so the browser is forced to download the file.ģ - If you have root server access to your site and it is using Apache, you can add the following to your. Because of this accessibility, most modern browsers have introduced settings that allow users to decide on a machine by machine basis whether or not a PDF (or any other readable file) should open in another window or download by default. PDFs are readable and accessible by most modern browsers so by default, the browser is set to open the file instead of download it. A great way to force the browser to download the file is by adding the download attribute in the tag. However, if the browser can't read the file type (.zip) then it will almost always download the content. ![]() Some most common examples of this are image files (.png. So essentially what is happening is that when you link to a file URL, the browser opens that URL and if it has accessibility to display the content, it almost always will. ![]() You can order tickets for the HAMMALI & NAVAI concert on the Concert.ua website online. Where to buy tickets for the HAMMALI & NAVAI concert in Kyiv? Lyrics The Dnieper Philharmonic Buy 02 April 19:00, Sun Serhii Zhadan. Lyrics Dnipro, The Dnieper Philharmonic from 4.37 EUR Don't wish 05 April Serhii Zhadan. Lets play hide and seek And I will not search for you. I will find myself someone much better I will find myself someone completely different. Similar events 05 April 19:00, Wed Serhii Zhadan. Artist: HammAli & Navai Song: (Prayatki) Translations: English +10 more Proofreading requested English translation A A Hide and seek Chorus: Lets play hide and seek And I will not search for you. Check HammAli and Navai tour dates to find all tour stops on the upcoming tour & get tickets to see HammAli and Navai live on tour at a show near you. If you’ve waited a long time to see HammAli and Navai live, the wait is over. You will find out exactly which ones at the concert.Įvent dress code - cocktail / smart elegant style. To quickly order tickets for the HAMMALI & NAVAI concert in Kyiv, stay on Concert.ua. You’ll be excited to know that HammAli and Navai is on tour in 2023-2024. In addition, HAMMALI & NAVAI prepares pleasant surprises for the audience. The concert will feature tracks from the duo's new album, as well as time-tested hits "War Girl", "Maybe it's love", "Bird" and others. Popular performers will bring a special program for their Kyiv fans. HAMMALI & NAVAI present in Queen Kyiv a new program of the best tracks and new compositions On December 16, come to the cozy Queen Kyiv for the long-awaited concert of charismatic and mega-popular HAMMALI & NAVAI! The duo's insightful work has been attracting fans of high-quality rap music and soulful lyrics for several years. ![]() Fantastic, exciting and inspiring event.īig winter concert of HAMMALI & NAVAI in Kyiv Na -u vas oekuje 256 recenzija i 41 fotografija. • A new bright program of major hits and hot news. LONGEST MARCH NEWS OF THE MONTHThe traditional MAYFEST 2023 event at the RIXOS SUNGATE Hotel be Which means the biggest music festival is coming with all its might From 29 April to 07 May 29.04 - PARTY 'GRAND OPENING PARTY' 30.04 - KLAVA KOKA 01.05 - HAMMALI & NAVAI 02.05 - PARTY 'FLOWER PARTY' 03.05 - HANDS UP 04.05 - SYMPHONIC ORCHESTR 05.05. One of the most popular creative tandems of today.Why go to a HAMMALI & NAVAI concert in Kyiv? HAMMALI & NAVAI in Kyiv! A concert of the famous rap duo HAMMALI & NAVAI will take place on December 16 at the Queen Kyiv location in Kyiv. ![]() They had signage everything so I never felt lost. Since none of us know what’s going on or how to function these days. So if you were in the hotel your mask had to be on, unless you were eating, in your room, or at Soundwaves. Keep in mind that during the time we went, Nashville had a mask mandate for everyone over 12+. Forgot your mask? There was a guy there at the front handing them out. From the moment you walk in the door, you realize they take their job very seriously. Gaylord Opryland has gone above and beyond to make sure their guest are safe and stay healthy. Surf Shop in case you forget something.We actually planned a trip with families and my mom and single sister said “hey wait, we want to come too.” Literally something for everyone! Soundwaves Scavenger Hunt Indoor Waterpark Open Year Round – 111,000 Square Feet Of Upscale Water Attractions And Activities that will blow the whole families mind. So preconceived notions need to be left at the door. Once you turn the corner towards the electric blue hallway to Sounwaves you will quickly realize this is an upscale park for the whole family. ![]() But for this post, Im just going to talk about our most recent trip during the summer of 2020. The best part, this is a year round destination. If you are planning a visit to Nashville this year, keep in mind that SoundWaves is currently only open for Gaylord Opryland Hotel guests, although that can change.Looking for a staycation/vacation that the whole family will love? SoundWaves water park at Gaylord Opryland in Nashville is just the place. Officials tease that a nearby parking lot could be transformed into an even larger waterpark in the future, too. SoundWaves Waterpark is situated between the convention center and garden conservatory atrium at the hotel. Here I’ve been able to keep an eye on my kids the entire time.” You always feel as though your worst nightmare might happen and that you can lose your child in a crowd. I’ve been to water parks that have left me panic stricken just because of the sheer amount of people that you see. Our children have been hitting the rides, the lazy river, and have gone surfing multiple times. She tells Taking the Kids, “We’ve been spending the most part of our afternoon in the cabana. One mom named Klara from Nashville, Tennessee, agrees. Plotted plants and greenery gives Soundwaves a warm and inviting feel But that’s only after you’ve tried the FlowRider, which is a one-of-a-kind indoor surfing experience. For those wanting to dry off, there’s also an activity room with rock climbing and an obstacle course. The temperature inside the indoor facility is maintained at 84 degrees year-round while the pools are a cool 82 degrees. ![]() There’s also an adult-only infinity pool that is only accessible to adults ages 18 and up along with multiple restaurants and bars. In other words, it’s the perfect destination for families wanting to make a splash and in one of the most beautiful complexes, too. The 111,000-square-foot enclosed addition to the resort and convention center comes with a looping raft ride, FlowRider surfing attraction, tall body slides, children’s activity pools, adult infinity pool and bar, and other features. SoundWaves is Nashville’s newest indoor water attractionĪ $90 million-dollar project, SoundWaves is the country’s first indoor and outdoor water park, located inside the Gaylord Opryland Hotel. ![]() ![]() ![]() McGraw-Hill and its licensors do not warrant or guarantee that the functions contained in the work will meet your requirements or that its operation will be uninterrupted or error free. THE WORK IS PROVIDED “AS IS.” McGRAW-HILL AND ITS LICENSORS MAKE NO GUARANTEES OR WARRANTIES AS TO THE ACCURACY, ADEQUACY OR COMPLETENESS OF OR RESULTS TO BE OBTAINED FROM USING THE WORK, INCLUDING ANY INFORMATION THAT CAN BE ACCESSED THROUGH THE WORK VIA HYPERLINK OR OTHERWISE, AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM ANY WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Your right to use the work may be terminated if you fail to comply with these terms. You may use the work for your own noncommercial and personal use any other use of the work is strictly prohibited. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976 and the right to store and retrieve one copy of the work, you may not decompile, disassemble, reverse engineer, reproduce, modify, create derivative works based upon, transmit, distribute, disseminate, sell, publish or sublicense the work or any part of it without McGraw-Hill’s prior consent. Use of this work is subject to these terms. (“McGraw-Hill”) and its licensors reserve all rights in and to the work. TERMS OF USE This is a copyrighted work and The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. For more information, please contact George Hoare, Special Sales, at or (212) 904-4069. McGraw-Hill eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs. Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps. Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. 0-07-151043-5 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: 0-07-148608-9. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Manufactured in the United States of America. New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney TorontoĬopyright © 2007 by Alex Chapin and The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The Ultimate Audio + Visual Phrasebook for your iPod ![]() Video is two dimensional, and because the relative size of the signer is smaller than in real life, a more central fixation point may be a better strategy when viewing sign language within a smaller field. However, watching a signer on videotape may be quite different from watching a live signer as an addressee. In one of the video clips, participants tended to fixate on the upper body of the signer, rather than on the face, and Muir and Richardson (2005) hypothesized that the wider and more rapid movements produced by the signer may have caused gaze to fall on the upper body to permit a range of movements to be processed, while keeping the lower part of the face in foveal (high-resolution) vision. Examination of hand movements in the videos suggested that the following factors caused shifts in gaze away from the face and toward the signer's hands or body: (a) signs close to the face (gaze is drawn to the hands), (b) “expansive” signs in the lower body region, and (c) movement of the signer within the video scene. Participants in this study fixated on the signer's face between 61% and 99% of the time across the three video clips. Deaf signers viewed three short video clips of signed stories that were selected to include a wide range of fine and gross motor movements. Previously, Muir and Richardson (2005) used eye tracking to explore the gaze patterns of deaf users of British Sign Language (BSL) while they watched videotaped signing. However, there is very little evidence regarding precisely where addressees look when processing sign language and whether there are specific changes of fixation with respect to the signer's face and hands at particular points during language comprehension. Examinations of videotaped signed interactions, as well as introspective data from native signers, suggest that addressees maintain a relatively steady gaze toward the person signing ( Baker & Padden, 1978 Siple, 1978). Just as readers fixate longer and backtrack over regions of difficult text, it is possible that sign perceivers shift fixation toward the hands when comprehending complex linguistic structures that are conveyed by the manual articulators. We therefore hypothesized that patterns of gaze fixation and movement might provide a measure of processing difficulty for sign language comprehension. For example, increased fixation times and regressive (backtracking) eye movements typically indicate that a reader is having difficulty with a particular region of text (for review, see Staub & Rayner, 2007). During silent reading, gaze fixation patterns are frequently used as a measure of local processing difficulty for words or phrases. For example, when viewing a visual scene, eye movements are closely time locked to object information presented in a spoken utterance (e.g., Tanenhaus, Spivey-Knowlton, Eberhard, & Sedivy, 1995). We used eye-tracking technology to determine whether eye gaze behavior during sign language comprehension is affected by information content, as has been found for eye movements during reading and in “visual world” experiments. We conclude that joint visual attention and attention to mouthing (for beginning signers), rather than linguistic complexity or processing load, affect gaze fixation patterns during sign language comprehension.īecause sign language is perceived visually, the eye movements and gaze position of an addressee allow us to make inferences about the uptake of linguistic information in real time. When a shift in gaze occurred, the sign narrator was almost always looking at his or her hands and was most often producing a classifier construction. Beginning signers shifted gaze away from the signer's face more frequently than native signers, but the pattern of gaze shifts was similar for both groups. Beginning signers fixated on or near the signer's mouth, perhaps to better perceive English mouthing, whereas native signers tended to fixate on or near the eyes. Both groups fixated primarily on the signer's face (more than 80% of the time) but differed with respect to fixation location. An eye-tracking experiment investigated where deaf native signers ( N = 9) and hearing beginning signers ( N = 10) look while comprehending a short narrative and a spatial description in American Sign Language produced live by a fluent signer. |